The article analyzes the development of anthropological issues in Martin Luther's theology, and also reveals the transformation of this topic in the late period of Luther's theology development. The main source is the text of Luther's theses on this topic: Disputatio de homine, Discourse on man, 1536. Based on the assumption that anthropological problems are not presented in Luther as a special teaching, but are included in the context of various theological searches, we propose a model for reconstructing Luther's ideas about man based on the accents that he made in different periods of his work. In particular, the early Luther in 1510-1520 proceeded from the impossibility of determining the nature of man due to its radical destruction by sin. Salvation is realized as a change in this nature, a "new birth" that frees a person from" slavery to the world", which is the main theme of the treatise" on the freedom of the Christian", and self-will, turning it into an instrument for fulfilling the incomprehensible will of God in the treatise"on the slavery of the will". Later, without abandoning the ideas expressed earlier, the "late" Luther in the 1530s. changes the approach to the interpretation of anthropological questions: it recognizes the possibility of knowing human nature, connects the history of creation and the history of salvation in the concept of "tota creatura", and through this connection of creation with the Creator approaches the interpretation of the problem of predestination, however, not individual, but generic. This circumstance allows us to consider the late period of Luther's work, which is usually neglected, as an important stage in the development of his teaching.