The article analyzes the Soviet social policy of the 1920s-1930s in the field of maternal and child health in Dagestan. On the basis of archival materials, published documents, literature and periodicals, its main trends are revealed. The analysis allowed us to build a holistic picture of the transformations in the field of medical care for mountain women, their emancipation, and inclusion in public life. The documentary materials reflect the complexity of the penetration of Soviet transformations in Dagestan villages. Soviet healthcare faced traditional medical practices that were formed over a long period of time. The population used the services of local midwives, who did not have any professional education, which is due to the lack of specialized educational institutions in Dagestan. However, already in the mid-1920s, an obstetric and paramedic school was opened, which was engaged in the training of qualified medical workers. Gradually, with the increase in the number of medical workers, the number of births that were taken in hospitals begins to grow, and the number of beds in medical institutions increases, and collective-farm maternity hospitals open. Commissions for the protection of motherhood and childhood are being created, whose duties included organizing lectures on health education, methodological assistance to medical workers. As statistics show, before the introduction of the ban on the production of abortions, their number in Dagestan was significant. The ban on abortions led to an increase in the birth rate and the opening of a maternity hospital in Makhachkala. The establishment of the Dagestan Medical Institute in 1932 and within its framework the departments of Children's Diseases and Obstetrics and Gynecology had a positive impact on the provision of qualified medical care to mothers and children. The inclusion of mountain women in public life resulted in the discovery of a large number of both stationary and seasonal child care institutions. The article shows that despite the famine, the reluctance of local residents to resort to qualified medical care, as well as other difficulties associated with the implementation of Soviet social policy, in the 1920s and 1930s. In Dagestan, there was a natural increase in the population.