In sociology, the subject-object and diachronic-synchronic directions of the study of childhood are used. The subject-object approach is implemented in the segment of sociology that studies the social roles of children as consumers, interpreters, actors, and informants (micro-level). In the synchronic approach, the childhood of different territories is compared, diachronically - in the historical change in the status of childhood. The combination of macro-and microsocial levels of childhood study is realized in four concepts of the relationship between childhood and the adult world (childhood as a "social nursery", "special tribe", "parallel world", "3D").