Throughout 1920s philosophical researches, which were not bound with the Marxism, were banned. Thinkers, who were trying to develop Marxist philosophy, were also defeated. Finally, the philosophy was turned to an appendage of the ideology and was reduced to the official historical and dialectical materialism. Since 1960s however the freedom of philosophical reason started being revealed again in Evald Ilyenkov’s, Alexander Zinoviev’s, Merab Mamardashvili’s works. Throughout the Soviet time philosophical research had been carried on by such prominent Russian thinkers as Mikhail Bakhtin and Aleksei Losev.