The problem of cultural identity is one of the most actual problems of the modern world, including Spain and Russia, where it is particularly acute due to a number of their features, including their belonging to the so-called border civilizations. Of considerable interest is the comparative approach to the study of this phenomenon through the prism of the dialectics of the general and the particular. Such approach allows to reveal both general characteristics and specificity of cultural identity of each country at the present stage. As a result of such a comparative analysis, it becomes apparent that the general parameters prevail over the specific characteristics inherent in the cultural identity of both Spain and Russia.