The article is devoted to the problem of national minorities in Bulgaria between two world wars. It treats position of the muslim population, interactions of the bulgarians and bulgarian turks, state actions in education sphere as important factor of modernization of society. Based on documents from Russian and Bulgarian archives and on historical researches it analyzes the causes of the abrupt changes in the bulgarian state policy, the influence of Kemalist reforms in Turkey and reaction of the bulgarian leaders, who supported Ataturk´s opponents in Bulgaria and conservativ islamic groups.