This article is devoted to the poorly studied in contemporary Russian historiography of the Cold War theme of the Partisans of Peace Movement, to which Soviet researchers paid great attention during the years of confrontation. Using a large number of declassified archival documents, the paper analyzes the processes of putting forward the disarmament’s problem as one of the main objectives of the Movement, and the organization of the first anti-nuclear campaigns with their demands to the nuclear powers of the comprehensive ban on the atomic and thermonuclear weapon tests.