The concept of T. Kuhn’s “paradigm” extended to new concept of “paradigm-pentad”, which is considered in the context of archaeological science. On the basis of proposed Euler — Venn — Zarenkov — Shchapova’s diagram processes of development and formation of archaeological science theoretical components is simulated, the principles of archeology and archaeological knowledge distinction is proposed, their didactic and practical importance is defined. Substantial five-member periodization of the archaeological science development is demonstrated.