This Chapter deals with the history of Judaism in the Middle ages and New time, especially in Russia. The context of the development of Judaism and religious movements inside it are described, including the expectation of the Messiah among the Jews , as well as particular trends within Judaism, such as the education movement (Haskala), the Hasidic Judaism, the reformed Judaism. The policy of the Russian Empire in relation to Judaism is characterized and the contribution of the Jews to the Russian culture.