This Chapter deals with the emergence of two main types of Christian civilization: Eastern Christianity (Orthodoxy) and Western Christianity (Catholicism). Much attention is paid to the formation of Christian culture in the first Millennium AD: the formation of the doctrine of the faith, common to the whole of Christianity, the emergence of monasticism in the East and the West, the formation of worship and the arts, and the spread of Christianity in the world. In the conclusion the attention is paid to the emergence and development of one of the branches of Western Christian civilization — Protestantism.