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Neuroethics and Biopolitics of Cognitive Enhancement Biotechnologies
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ФИЛОСОФИЯ, ЭТИКА И РЕЛИГИОВЕДЕНИЕ
UDC
1 ФИЛОСОФИЯ. ПСИХОЛОГИЯ
Publisher
Russian Academy of Sciences
Date of publication
24.09.2018
Public year
2018
DOI
10.31857/S004287440000231-9
Neuroethics and Biopolitics of Cognitive Enhancement Biotechnologies
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Annotation

The powerful trend to use the achievements of medical science and biotechnologies not only for treatment but also for human enhancement was formed at the turn of the millennia. One manifestation of this trend is the phenomenon of “academic doping”, which is the application of a variety of medical (particularly pharmacological) means for betterment of cognitive capacities. In neurotics, which emerged at the intersection of bioethics and neuroscience, academic doping and related practices are usually named as cognitive enhancement (Cognitive Enhancement, CE) technologies. Modern medicine does not have sufficient knowledge to prove the efficacy and safety of CE means. Therefore, the basic moral principle -"First, do no harm!"- commands medical professionals to refrain from the use of CE products in healthy people. The article notes that the lack of knowledge could be not only quantitative but also qualitative. There is a fundamental contradiction between the requirements of reliability and validity of the obtained in experiments knowledge. This contradiction is interpreted not as a temporary condition, but as a basic one. It represents complexity in organization and activities of human consciousness. The attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was discussed as a characteristic example of CE technologies medicalization that is going in consumer societies. Specific features of the modern type of biopower were also discussed. CE technologies consumers are constructing themselves as subjects not in power of true knowledge and effective control (as it was the case in classical medicine), but in consumption of signs of body power inscribed by commercials and different kinds of consumerist society mythologies. Biopower spreads as systematic manipulation of signs (J. Baudrillard).

Voprosy filosofii. 2018 Issue 7
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About authors
Olga Popova, 
Leading Researcher, Head of the Department of Humanitarian Expertise and Bioethics
RAS Institute of Philosophy
Pavel Tishchenko, 
Sergey Shevchenko
References

1. Baudrillard, Jean (1991) Le système des objets, Gallimard, 1991 (Russian translation).

2. Hall, Stephen S. (2003) “The quest for a smart pill”, Scientific American, Vol. 289, № 3, pp. 54–57.

3. Yudin, Boris G. (2016) “Technoscience and human enhancement”, Epistemology & Philosophy of Science, T. XLVIII, № 2, pp. 18–27 (in Russian).

4. Yudin, Grigoriy B. (2016) “Life maximization, human enhancement and the spirit of sports: against utilitarian defense of relaxing doping regulations”, Workbooks on Bioethics, Edition 23, Humanitarian analysis of biotechnological human “enhancement projects", ed. by B.G. Yudin, Publishing house of the Moscow humanitarian university, pp.113–131 (in Russian).

5. Kramer, Peter D. (1993) Listening to Prozac: A psychiatrist explores antidepressant drugs and the re-making of the self, Penguin, New York.

6. Latour, Bruno (1984) Les Microbes. Guerre et paix; suivi de Irréductions, Métaillié, Paris (Russian translation).

7. Matters, Gray (2015) “Topics at the intersection of neuroscience and society”, Presidential Commis-sion for the Study of Bioethical Issues, Washington D.C. http://www.bioethics.gov

8. Rabinow, Paul, Rose, Nicolas (2006) “Biopower today”, BioSocieties, Vol. 1, № 2, pp. 195–217.

9. Sahakian, Barbara J., Morein-Zamir, Sharon (2007) “Professor’s little helper”, Nature, № 20, pp. 1157–1159.

10. Sahakian, Barbara J., Morein-Zamir, Sharon (2015) “Pharmacological cognitive enhancement: treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and lifestyle use by healthy people”, Lancet. Psychiatry, Vol. 2, pp. 357–362 www.thelancet.com.psychiatry

11. Sallivan, Jacqueline A. (2015) “Experimentation in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive neurobiol-ogy”, Handbook of Neuroethics, ed. Clausen J., Levy N., New York, pp. 3–48.

12. Sententia, Wrye (2004) “Neuroethical considerations: Cognitive liberty and converging technologies for improving human conditions”, The Coevolution of Human Potential and Converging Technologies, New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 221–228.

13. Storebo, Ole J., et al. (2015) “Benefits and harms of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)”, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11.

14. Swanson, James M., Wigal, Timothy, Lakes, Kimberley, Volkow, Nora D. (2013) “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Defining a spectrum disorder and considering neuroethical implications”, The Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics, pp. 309–340.

15. Tishchenko, Pavel D. (2016) “Human bioenhancement in the epoch of consumerism”, Workbooks on Bioethics, Edition 23, Humanitarian analysis of biotechnological human “enhancement projects", ed. by B.G. Yudin, Publishing house of the Moscow Humanitarian University, pp. 12–38 (in Russian).

16. Tishchenko, Pavel D., Yudin, Boris G. (2015) “The finest hour of philosophy”, Voprosy Filosofii, Vol. 12 (2015), pp. 198–203 (in Russian).

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